http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21677633-there-long-road-ahead-africa-emulate-east-asia-more-marathon
There is a long road ahead for Africa to emulate East Asia
More a marathon than a sprint
VIEWED from above, the great steel roofs of Nigeria’s textile mills are an
impressive sight, occupying block after block in the northern city of Kano.
Yet from the ground a very different picture emerges. Entire estates sit
eerily empty in what was once the country’s industrial heartland. A handful
of indigo-dye pits and the odd leather tannery constitute what little is
left of a manufacturing business that was booming just a couple of decades
ago. The collapse of Nigeria’s textile industry, which has gone from
employing more than 350,000 people to fewer than a tenth as many, reflects
a wider problem of deindustrialisation across Africa that has occurred
during a decade of rapid growth driven by high commodity prices.
Over the past 15 years sub-Saharan African economies have expanded at an
average rate of about 5% a year, enough to have doubled output over the
period. They were helped largely by a commodities boom that was caused, in
part, by rapid urbanisation in China. As China’s economy has slowed, the
prices of many commodities mined in Africa have slumped again. Copper, for
instance, now sells for about half as much as it did at its peak. This, in
turn, is hitting Africa’s growth: the IMF reckons it will slip to under 4%
this year, leading many to fret that a harmful old pattern of
commodity-driven boom and bust in Africa is about to repeat itself. One of
the main reasons to worry is that Africa’s manufacturing industry has
largely missed out on the boom.
In this section
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Vegetables, not samosas
Paralysed
Black gold under the Golan
Two crackdowns expected
Reprints
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Nigeria
Asia
China
East Asia
Industries
The figures are stark. The UN’s Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA),
which is publishing a big report on industrialisation in Africa next month,
reckons that from 1980 to 2013 the African manufacturing sector’s
contribution to the continent’s total economy actually declined from 12% to
11%, leaving it with the smallest share of any developing region. Moreover,
in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa, manufacturing’s share of output
has fallen during the past 25 years. A comparison of Africa and Asia is
striking. In Africa manufacturing provides just over 6% of all jobs, a
figure that barely changed over more than three decades to 2008. In Asia
the figure grew from 11% to 16% over the same period.
“Name any country in Africa, and I could have found a world-class firm
there a decade ago,” says John Page of the Brookings Institution, a think
tank, the co-author of a forthcoming book on African manufacturing. “The
problem is, two years later, I’d go back and still find just the one firm.
In Cambodia or Vietnam, I would go back and find 50 new ones.”
To be sure, many countries deindustrialise as they grow richer (growth in
service-based parts of the economy, such as entertainment, helps shrink
manufacturing’s slice of the total). But many African countries are
deindustrialising while they are still poor, raising the worrying prospect
that they will miss out on the chance to grow rich by shifting workers from
farms to higher-paying factory jobs.
Premature deindustrialisation is not just happening in Africa—other
developing countries are also seeing the growth of factories slowing,
partly because technology is reducing the demand for low-skilled workers.
“Manufacturing has become less labour intensive across the board,” says
Margaret McMillan of Tufts University. That means that it is hard, and
getting harder, for African firms to create jobs in the same numbers that
Asian ones did from the 1970s onwards.
Yet deindustrialisation appears to be hitting African countries
particularly hard. This is partly because weak infrastructure drives up the
costs of making things. The African Development Bank found in 2010 that
electricity, a large cost for most manufacturers, costs three times more on
average in Africa than it does even in South Asia. Poor roads and congested
ports also drive up the cost of moving raw materials about and shipping out
finished goods.
Africa’s second disadvantage is, perversely, its bounty of natural riches.
Booming commodity prices over the past decade brought with them the “Dutch
disease”: economies benefiting from increased exports of oil and the like
tend to see their exchange rates driven up, which then makes it cheaper to
import goods such as cars and fridges, and harder to produce and export
locally manufactured goods.
Africa’s final snag is its geography. East Asia’s string of successes
happened under the “flying geese” model of development, where a “lead”
country creates a slipstream for others to follow. This happened first in
the 1970s, when Japan moved labour-intensive manufacturing to Taiwan and
South Korea. But Africa seems to have missed the flock. “We don’t have a
leading goose, a Japan,” says Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Nigeria’s former finance
minister. Light manufacturing is leaving China for neighbouring Bangladesh
and Vietnam rather than distant Africa, despite its promise of plentiful
cheap labour. “Africa’s growth is not driven by export-led manufacturing,”
says Dani Rodrik, an economist. “And in the coming century Africa will find
it difficult to grow through that route.”
Yet some African countries are bucking the trend. Ethiopia’s manufacturing
has grown by an average of over 10% a year in 2006-14, albeit from a very
low base, partly because it has courted foreign investors. “We approached
Holland’s horticultural firms, China’s textile and leather firms and
Turkey’s garment firms. Now we’re bringing in German and Swiss
pharmaceuticals,” says Arkebe Oqubay, a minister who promotes Ethiopia’s
industrialisation.
Ha-Joon Chang, a co-author of UNECA’s report, argues that Ethiopia’s
relative success has come from its focused policy. Poor countries often
find it hard to decide whether to spread their new infrastructure widely or
to focus on the most promising areas. Rather than electrify the whole
country, Ethiopia has concentrated on providing power and transport links
to its industrial parks. It also seems wise to bring in firms with links to
industries that already exist there. “Domestic firms learn from being in
the same value chain as the foreign firm,” says Mr Page. Firms buying from
local suppliers tend to raise local quality by sending managers and
technicians to them. This helps them to produce more sophisticated goods.
Ethiopia is not alone. Tanzania, where manufacturing output has grown 7.5%
annually from 1997-2012, is wooing Chinese and Singaporean clothing firms
and started building its first megaport and industrial park last month.
Rwanda has attracted investment from Helen Ai, the woman behind Ethiopia’s
most successful shoe firm. Her garment factory plans to hire 1,000 workers
by the end of the year.
Nonetheless, factories are not creating nearly enough jobs for the millions
of young people moving into cities each year. Most of them end up in
part-time employment in low-productivity businesses such as groceries or
restaurants, which are limited by the tiny domestic economy; Africa
generates only 2% of the world’s demand. To grow fast, African countries
need to shift workers into more productive industries. Their governments
need to provide the infrastructure and the incentives for manufacturing
firms to set up. Without determined action, they risk another lost decade
as the commodity bust deepens.
Received on Fri Nov 06 2015 - 17:15:50 EST