China - India 1962 War: Who Started The Fighting? - Analysis
By: <
http://www.eurasiareview.com/author/idsa/> IDSA
October 19, 2012
By R. S. Kalha
As we near the 50th anniversary of the Sino-Indian conflict that broke out
in October 1962, the question that has often been asked is: Who started the
actual fighting? There is no doubt on the Indian side that it all began with
the massive Chinese onslaught that was initiated in the early hours of 20
October 1962 all along the Sino-Indian border. Most Chinese and their
apologists insist that it was India that started the conflict by following
the so-called 'forward policy' and 'nibbling' at China's frontiers. The
actual Chinese onslaught on 20 October 1962, it is claimed, was only a
'counter-attack' and in 'self-defence' to throw out Indian 'aggressors' from
Chinese territory. In other words, it was an action designed to reclaim
Chinese territory wrongly usurped by India. Let us examine the facts as they
are, to see if the Chinese contention has any merit or, as India believes,
it was nothing but a premeditated attack by China. First let us examine what
the Chinese leadership itself has said on this issue.
China - India Relations
On 25 March 1959, sometime after the Tibetan revolt broke out in early March
1959, the then Chinese Communist Party Secretary-General, Deng Xiaoping,
insisted that several of Nehru's speeches about the Tibetan situation,
together with the fact that the headquarters of the rebellion was located in
Kalimpong, 'left no doubt that the Indian government was behind the
rebellion. and, when the times comes, we certainly will settle accounts with
them' [emphasis added].1
Soon after the hostilities were over, the then Chinese President Liu Shaoqi
told the Sri Lankan leader Felix Bandaranaike that the 1962 conflict was 'to
demolish India's arrogance and illusions of grandeur. China had taught India
a lesson [emphasis added] and would do so again and again!' Liu repeated the
same line to the Swedish Ambassador as well. Mao Zedung confirmed this line
of thinking when he told a Nepalese delegation in 1964 that the 'major
problem between India and China was not the McMahon Line, but the Tibetan
question' [emphasis added]. And for emphasis he added that 'in the opinion
of the Indian government, Tibet is theirs'. 2 Mao discounted the territorial
aspect of the conflict when he told the then Soviet CDA, Antonov, that 'We
never, under any circumstances, will move beyond the Himalayas. That is
completely ruled out. This is an argument over inconsequential pieces of
territory.' Recent Chinese commentaries quote Mao's belief that the 'real
target' was not Nehru, but the US and the Soviets that had been plotting
behind the scenes against China.3 And an official Chinese publication
published recently further amplifies the same theme thus: 'The declaration
[of cease-fire] of the Chinese government was a serious blow for anti-China
plan of America and Soviet Union and their strategic design in Asia... Just
as soldiers of Chinese Frontier Forces said 'this time when Jawaharlal Nehru
is hit then its pain is seen on the faces of Kennedy and Khrushchev.' 4
In addition, it was the Chinese belief that this knock-out punch would keep
the Sino-Indian frontier quiet for a considerable length of time to their
immense advantage, discourage any Indian 'meddling' in Tibet and 'to strike
peace with its neighbor.' 5 It was hoped that Tibet would thus be pacified.
Later, in 1973, Zhou Enlai was to tell Kissinger that the conflict took
place because Nehru was getting 'cocky'. Mao even blamed Nehru for the
clashes and said that he [Nehru] was using them for the following reasons:
First, he is trying to deliver a blow to the Communist Party of India.
Second, to ease for India the conditions for the receipt of economic aid
from the Western powers, in particular from the USA. And third, to obstruct
the spread of influence of the Socialist camp on the Indian people. Mao
wanted to 'wake-up' Nehru and try to detach him 'from the influence of the
super-powers.' 6 So if what Mao told Antonov and the Nepalese and what Liu
Shaoqi told Bandaranaike is correct, then the whole issue was not about the
boundary question and particularly not about the territorial aspect of it,
but something quite else. It had nothing to do with the so-called 'forward
policy.'
Let us also look at the sequence of events just prior to the opening of
hostilities. The Chinese leadership was aware that to deliver and sustain a
knockout punch to India the two super powers, the US and Soviet Russia, had
to be 'neutralized.' To ascertain what was in the American mind and to gauge
their intentions, the Chinese Ambassador to Warsaw, Wang Bingnan, was
recalled from leave and hastily dispatched to Warsaw with instructions to
meet his US counterpart forthwith. On 23 June 1962, Wang Bingnan met US
Ambassador Cabot at Warsaw. Ambassador Wang claimed that Beijing had noted
preparations in Taiwan for a landing on the mainland. Ambassador Cabot, who
was unaware of any such preparations, based on his brief from the State
Department, conveyed to his Chinese interlocutor that he had been authorized
to state that the US government had no intention of supporting any GRC
[Taiwan] attack on the mainland under existing circumstances [emphasis
added]. Ambassador Wang could not believe his ears and, to make sure he
heard it right, requested the US Ambassador to repeat this assurance once
again. The US Ambassador duly obliged7 The Chinese could not believe their
good fortune. Wang later admitted that this assurance that he obtained from
the US played a 'very big role' in China's decision to attack India.8 What
Ambassador Cabot told Ambassador Wang was later publicly confirmed by
President Kennedy to newsmen on 27 June 1962. The Chinese breathed a huge
sigh of relief for they were anticipating trouble on two fronts.
On 8 October 1962, Chinese leaders informed the Soviet Ambassador in Beijing
that 'China knows that Indian forces are planning to launch a large scale
attack in Sino-Indian frontier regions and if India launches an attack than
we will resolutely carry out self-defence.' On 13 and 14 October 1962,
Ambassador Liu Xiao met Khrushchev who told him that the 'information
received by the Soviet Union regarding India preparing to launch an attack
on China is same as conveyed by China.' 9 Further, Ambassador Liu secured
from Khrushchev 'guarantees' that if China was attacked and a China-India
War ensued, the Soviets would 'stand together with China' [emphasis added].
10 In a 20 October 1962 letter, Khrushchev rebuked Nehru for failing to show
'due urge for reconciliation' and urged him 'to agree to Chinese proposals'.
11 This new tough line was confirmed when MJ Desai [then Secretary General,
MEA] told US Ambassador Galbraith in a meeting on 23 October 1962 that 'in
the past few days the Soviets have taken a tough line with the
Indians-including advice to settle on Chinese terms.' 12 The Soviets had no
option as they were engrossed in a serious confrontation with the US over
Cuba and badly needed Chinese support. Support for India was expendable.
With both the super powers effectively 'neutralized', the Chinese now
systematically set the stage. All communications to the Indian Mission at
Lhasa were cut on 9 October 1962. No one was allowed to enter the Mission.
All Tibetan staff members were withdrawn. Similarly, communications from the
Indian Embassy in Beijing were also withheld. Indian POWs reported, on
return to India, that the PLA had stationed interpreters in Tibet who spoke
every major Indian language! They also saw at first- hand how well stocked
and prepared the Chinese were. The Chinese attack began simultaneously in
all sectors of the border, both in the west and in the east, at the same
time [5 a.m. IST on 20 October 1962] completely synchronized as per Beijing
time! [emphasis added]
Three Chinese Regiments, 154, 155 and 157 [equivalent to Indian Brigades],
all battle-hardened veterans of the Korean War transferred from across the
Taiwan Straits since June 1962, attacked Indian positions across the Namka
Chu defended by a single brigade and overran them. Similar attacks were
launched simultaneously on all Indian positions both in the Western and
Eastern sectors with overwhelming force.
What was the position on the Indian side? Krishna Menon left for New York on
17 September 1962 to attend the UN General Assembly and returned to India
only on 30 September 1962. Nehru left Delhi on 8 September 1962 to attend
the Commonwealth PM's conference and after visiting Paris, Lagos and Accra
returned only on 2 October 1962, but left again on 12 October 1962 for
Colombo and returned to Delhi only on 16 October 1962. Two of the most
important officials at Army Headquarters were also away from Delhi: Lt. Gen.
Kaul, the Chief of General Staff, was on holiday in Kashmir till 2 October
1962, while the Director of Military Operations [DMO] was on a cruise on the
aircraft carrier Vikrant.
These are the facts. It is for the reader to make a judgement whether India
was the aggressor that initiated hostilities on 20 October 1962.
The author is a former Secretary, Ministry of External Affairs. New Delhi.
1. Wu, Yi Mao zuxi (With Chairman Mao), p. 121.
2. Mao Zedung sixiang [1949-1968], Joint Publication Research Service (IRPS)
No.61269, 20 February 1974, p. 573.
3. Hong Yuan, Global Times, 28 June 2012.
4. A History of the Counter Attack War in Self Defence along Sino-Indian
Border , Chapter 6, Section (1) B, (published 1994), p. 348.
5. Global Times , 28 June 2012.
6. Hong Yuan, Global Times, 28 June 2012.
7. Department of State , File No.611.93/6-2362.
8. Wang Bingnan, Zhong- Mei huitan jiu nian huigu (Recollections of Nine
years of Sino-US talks) Beijing, pp. 85-90.
9. A History of the Counter Attack War in Self- Defence Along the
Sino-Indian Border , Chapter 4, Section 2, p. 165.
10. Liu Xiao, Chu Shi Sulian Banian (Eight years as Ambassador to Soviet
Union), Beijing: Zhonggang Dangshi Ziliao Chubanshi, 1986, p. 121.
11. S. Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru, (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1984), p.
222.
12. John K. Galbraith, Ambassador's Journal (Hamish Hamilton, 1969), p. 431.
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Received on Fri Oct 19 2012 - 09:30:33 EDT
